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Racial oppression is challenging to process and discuss – but it is harder when one doesn’t have a full understanding of what it is to begin with. We ALL have some biases and prejudices, but that doesn’t mean we can’t confront them within ourselves as well as helping others. This section is to help understand the different types of racism and how they pervade our society, and how you can recognize them when you see them.

RACISM = RACIAL PREJUDICE + POWER

Most official definitions of racism fail to encompass the breadth and scope of racial inequity. Racism means prejudice combined with social and institutional power. It is a system of advantage based on skin color.

Learn more below about the different types of racism, and some examples, facts and figures.

Read about some ways in which you might be anti-Black without knowing it.

Individual racism is when persons believe themselves to be superior to others because of the color of their skin or their ethnic background. It refers to the beliefs, attitudes, and actions of individuals that support or perpetuate racism in conscious and unconscious ways.

Examples include telling a racist joke, believing in the inherent superiority of white people over other racial groups, or not hiring a person of color because “something doesn’t feel right.” The U.S. cultural narrative about racism typically focuses on individual racism and fails to recognize systemic racism.

SYSTEM RACISM IS RACISM THAT INFECTS THE VERY STRUCTURE OF OUR SOCIETY, AT EVERY LEVEL, IS CALLED SYSTEMIC RACISM - AND THIS KIND OF RACISM IS CHALLENGING TO IDENTIFY.

Systemic racism persists in our schools, offices, court system, police departments, and beyond. When white people occupy most positions of decision-making power, people of color have a difficult time getting a fair shake, let alone getting ahead.

Below are some facts and figures to illustrate how Systemic Racism manifests itself.

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• Black students are 3 TIMES more likely to be suspended than white students for similar infractions
• Black students make up 50% of suspensions
• Once black children are in the criminal justice system, they are 18 times more likely than white children to be sentenced as adult.
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• Black people with college degrees are 2 TIMES more likely to be unemployed than white people with college degrees.
• The unemployment rate for black people has been consistently twice that of whites over the past 60 years, regardless of whether the economy has been up or down.
• Job applicants with white sounding names get called back 50% more than people with black names, even with identical resumes.
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• Redlining is the systematic denial of various services to residents of specific communities. This practice barred black folks and other minorities from building wealth like their white counterparts, and even though it was outlawed in the 1960's, its effects never went away.
•Black people are shown 18% fewer homes and 4% brewer rental units than white people.
• 72% of white people are homeowners, while only 42% of black people are home owners
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• More than 7.4% of Black adults are disenfranchised, compared to 1.8% of non-Black people.
• Black people make up 13% of the population of the United States, yet make up 40% of its prison population.
• Black people are 20% more likely to be sentenced to jail time and receive a 20% longer sentence than white people for similar crimes
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• Black mothers are 4 TIMES more likely to die from complications related to pregnancy
• 67% of doctors have unconscious biases against black patients
• Black people are far more likely than white people to lack access to emergency medical care
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• Since the 2008 recession, the wealth gap has increased.
• White families hold 90% of the wealth in the United States, while Black families only hold 2.6% of it
• For every $100 a white family earns, a black family earns only $57.30.
Cultural racism refers to representations, messages and stories conveying the idea that behaviors and values associated with white people or “whiteness” are automatically “better” or more “normal” than those associated with other racially defined groups.

Cultural racism shows up in advertising, movies, history books, definitions of patriotism, and in policies and laws. It is also a powerful force in maintaining systems of internalized supremacy and internalized racism. It does that by influencing collective beliefs about what constitutes appropriate behavior, what is seen as beautiful, and the value placed on various kinds of music, art, poetry, speech and other forms of expression.

All of these cultural norms and values in the U.S. have explicitly or implicitly racialized ideals and assumptions (for example, what “nude” means as a color, which facial features and body types are considered beautiful, which child-rearing practices are considered appropriate.)

Ways you might be Anti-Black Unknowingly
1

Your first question to a Black person is about Beyoncé

I can smell someone who hasn’t had a real conversation with a Black person before from miles away. These people have absolutely no idea how to interact with a Black person (pro tip: it’s just like any other person) aside from the caricatures of Blackness they have seen in the media. I’ve been asked Can you twerk? Have you heard Beyonce’s new album? Nicki or Cardi? more times than I care to remember. The portrayal of Black people, especially Black women and femmes as sexualized gangsters, hungrily lapped up by white folks who think it’s cool, suddenly becomes really awkward when I say I like Nickelback.

We are diverse, complex humans, not music video characters.

2

You re-share videos of Black death

The videos are essential, I will not dismiss that. We need evidence, we need memory, we need fire for the revolution. However, Black folks do not need to see them; do not need to be scrolling through pictures of new shoes and make-up routines to come face to face with the last breath of someone who looks like them, someone who could be them in another life, or in this one.

Send them directly to your non-Black friends, with consent - these videos can be triggering to anyone. Send them your MP or Becky from marketing who doesn’t believe racism is real. Just don’t share them carelessly.

3

You text your Black friends that you’re ‘shocked’ about police brutality and other oppression Black folks face regularly

I am not shocked. Black folks are not shocked. There is nothing surprising or new about racism; there is nothing we haven’t seen before. We are tired, traumatized, emotional, numb, desperate, hurt and so much more, but rarely are we shocked.

If you are shocked, where have you been? Where do you get your news? The year I was born, the murder of a young Black man shook my family and I’ve thought about him ever since. After twenty-six years, I am not shocked. Why are you?

4

You expect labour from Black folks

After texting about how shocked you are, you then expect your Black friends and other Black folks in the community to continue to educate you - to provide links, reading lists, to do a quick lunch and learn (it’s over Zoom, so it will be super chill! We have 35 minutes and no budget, we just want you to share your story! Sound good?).

Black folks are exhausted and have already done the labour - the articles are already out there, the books are already written, the TedTalks are already available. You can check out our resources page for information, or contact us if you have specific questions.

5

You adopt a Blaccent out of nowhere

Black culture is cool. Everyone wants - and willfully takes - a piece of it. A hairstyle, an outfit, even the whole damn dictionary. R’n’B music is the soundtrack to every hipster restaurant and hip hop is at your Sunday morning yoga (yes, that’s a thing now apparently - like a cultural appropriation crossover?) - Black music is essentially inhaled every waking second. This over-consumption of Black culture blurs the lines between Black slang and mainstream slang. Words like hella, lit, woke, bae have become staples in Millennial and Gen Z vernacular - although I heard the kids are done with it and have discarded some of these terms like Miley Cyrus tried on and discarded Blackness for a hot minute.

Why is it that white women comment you look so pretty on their white friends pictures, and yaaaasss sis, queen, fire, you look fiiiine on their Black friends’? That’s the blaccent-outta-nowhere complex.

6

Your first instinct is to call the cops

When you witness an incident, the first thing you do - or think about doing - is calling the cops. This is evidence that you are not intimately aware of the consequences of police involvement. (Although you’ve likely been sharing videos of police violence for the shock factor, so that’s confusing to say the least).

Then there are people like Amy Cooper who are so aware of the perceived innocence of white women and the perceived danger of Black men, they use it to intentionally put Black folks in harm's way - definitely don’t be like Amy. (If you don't know who Amy Cooper is, google it please!)

7

You’re obsessed with grammar

She been got a job and she had went to work. Can’t nobody say she don’t work.

Do these sentences annoy you? Do you want to go in with a red marker and ‘fix’ them? This is AAVE (African American Vernacular English) which is used primarily by African Americans but also adopted by many other Black folks around the world. It’s a legit language with it’s own grammar structures including a verbal copula, habitual aspect marker, negative concord and many other consistent grammar rules (yes, I’m a linguistics nerd). Many of these same rules can be found in Russian, Portuguese, Italian and so on.

So, before you go saying that Cardi doesn’t speak properly, check yourself.

8

You take extra precautions when travelling to Africa or the Caribbean

As mentioned, anti-Blackness is a global phenomenon. The way anti-Blackness is experienced does change though, largely informed by historical projects of white supremacy and how they target Black communities in different ways. For example, the North American Black experience is largely scripted by the legacy of slavery, while the African experience is often informed by the hangover of colonialism (obviously this is not exclusive and very oversimplified).

The Western perception of African and Caribbean countries is through a patriarchal, imperial, infantilizing, neocolonial lens. We are taught to see these places as dangerous, lawless, uncivilized and many white tourists behave as such when visiting - don’t bother going if you’re going to buy a package deal from a white-owned company, overtly display distrust for the local people and take photos with the local children for your Tinder profile.

9

You celebrate Pride without knowing its origins

Pride is a fun event that brings thousands of people together to celebrate how far the LGBTQ2S+ movement has come. Yet for many, that’s where it ends. People, queer and straight alike, treat Pride like a party - when it’s a protest. A protest started by trans women of colour resisting against police violence.

Because our society is so anti-Black, even within other marginalized communities, the radical Black and Latinx origins of Pride, the Stonewall Riots, have been totally whitewashed. This erasure of Black and transgender history from our contemporary understanding of Pride, contributes to the fact that Black trans women experience among the highest rates of violence in North America. Some people in the LGBTQ2S+ acronym experience a lot more privilege than they did in the past - and through great advocacy and struggle - but with their increased power and social status, are leaving Black and racialized queer, trans and Two Spirit people behind.

https://www.welcometostratagem.com/post/10-habits-of-someone-who-doesn-t-know-they-re-anti-black

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52993306

https://www.racialequitytools.org/fundamentals/core-concepts/racism

https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/09/18/upshot/black-white-wealth-gap-perceptions.html

https://www.epi.org/blog/the-racial-wealth-gap-how-african-americans-have-been-shortchanged-out-of-the-materials-to-build-wealth/

https://www.democracynow.org/2010/3/12/study_median_wealth_for_single_black

https://prospect.org/power/top-10-percent-white-families-almost-everything/

https://www.benjerry.com/whats-new/2016/systemic-racism-is-real

https://www.racialequitytools.org/resourcefiles/Definitions-of%20Racism.pdf

https://www.racialequitytools.org/fundamentals/core-concepts/racism

https://www.instagram.com/cheskatanglao/

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/08/21/through-good-times-and-bad-black-unemployment-is-consistently-double-that-of-whites/

https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2014/03/21/292456211/black-preschoolers-far-more-likely-to-be-suspended

https://www.ussc.gov/research/research-reports/demographic-differences-sentencing

https://www.ussc.gov/research/research-reports/demographic-differences-sentencing

https://www.ussc.gov/research/research-reports/demographic-differences-sentencing

http://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/6-million-lost-voters-state-level-estimates-felony-disenfranchisement-2016/

https://www.huffpost.com/entry/black-crime-rates-your-st_b_8078586?guccounter=1